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CONTENTS. 



PAGK. 

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 4 

REC^UISITES FOR CLASS OF TWENTV-FOUR CHILDREN. 7 

March and Drill. 8 
First Lesson. 

Preparation of a Garden, 8 

Song — " Where do you go so early, I pray ?" . . 12 

March and Drill. 13 
Second Lesson. 

Potatoes, 13 

vSong — "The Farmer's Year," 16 

March and Drill. 1 7 
Third Lesson. 

Corn and other Vegetables, 18 

Song — " (^h, no, we never do so any more," ... 20 

March and Drill. 2 1 
Fourth Lesson. 

The Stable, Cows and Horses, 22 

Song — " Wait for the wagon," 25 

March and Drill. 26 
Fifth Lesson. 

Fruits, 26 

SongT— " Harvest Home," 30 



SUGGESTIONS. 

HlvSE lessons depend so entirely for pleasure and 
profit on the taet and ability of the teacher, that 
gj I a few suggestions for interesting the scholars may 
not be out of place. 

They should be encouraged to examine the tools and 
note their peculiarities ; to see the differences between a 
spade and a shovel, the purpose of having one horn of a 
pickaxe sharper than the other, the advantage of keeping 
a hoe sharpened for weeding, and the advisability of put- 
ting tools away clean and ready for use. 

It will add greatly to the interest if a box of earth can 
be used in the class-room to illustrate the methods of 
planting, and specimens of the different seeds be handed 
about for examination. The starting point of the root should 
be shown and the children told that if it is buried wrong 
side up the poor little seed has to twist and turn and some- 
times gets too tired ever to find its way up to the sunlight. 
All children delight in knowing " why," and rarely forget 
a fact which has been given them with a reason attached. 

As an introduction to the lesson on the horse, stories 
illustrating the sagacity and nobility of the animal will 
surely be appreciated. With the long answer to the 
fifteenth question — " What points must a good horse 
have?" — reasons why these "points" are considered 
"good" should be given. For instance, that the "small 
head" and "thin neck" answer the same purpose as the 



sharp prow of a ship ; " full eyes " imply good vision ; 
'' deep chest," good breathing- power; "high withers," 
good action. The withers are formed by the rounding of 
the back above the shoulder. It is from this point to the 
ground that the height of a horse is measured in " hands," 
/. e., four inches, or the average width of a man's hand 
across the knuckles. The advantage of high withers is 
found in the larger surface they afford for the attachment 
of the muscles of the back and shoulders. " Short back, 
broad haunches and straight legs" all imply strength and 
endurance. " Flat knees " mean that there is sufficient bone 
surface for the attachment of the strong leg muscles, which 
make the horse sure-footed ; and that " round feet " are 
less subject to disease and injury, as there is plenty of 
tough hoof to protect the tender " frog " or " quick," 

It is suggested that two children at a time be employed 
in harnessing and then unharnessing the little horse while 
the class recite the lesson. 

In the final lesson, on fruits, the process of grafting can 
easily be performed on a small scale. The gardener must 
work like a doctor, with a clean, sharp knife, with speed, 
but also with great care. The circulation of the sap can 
be explained as the life-blood of the tree, and the little 
^raft must be treated like a piece of flesh, quickly placed 
where it is intended to grow, and covered from the air 
until the wound heals. 

The last song alludes to the old English festival of 
Harvest Home, and can be made the occasion of a more 
elaborate drill and march in imitation of that old time 
festival. 

The costume for exhibition days might be white shirts, 
dark pantaloons, and broad brim "harvester" hats, decor- 
ated with cockades of red, white and blue ribboni 



A word of caution should preprirc the children for 
having- their class-room kncnvledge ridiculed by old and 
experienced people. These methods are not the only ones 
in use, neither would they always be feasible if applied 
on large farms of many acres, where time must be con- 
sidered in planting and gathering, but thev are earnestly 
believed to be the best and surest methods for voung 
gardeners to employ. 

These suggestions will suffice to show how entirelv the 
efficacy of the lessons depends upon the abilitv of the 
teacher. A. P. R. 



RKOl ISITES FOR A CLASS OF TWENTV-FOUR CHII.DRKN. 

2 Dozen chairs of uniform size. 

6 Spades (three-quarter size). 

6 Hoes " " 

6 Rakes " " " 

6 Pickaxes *' " 

I Large knife. 

I Toy horse and wagon. 

I Set of harness. 

I Halter and hitching-weight. 

I Harness-rack. 

I Blanket. 

I Shovel. 

I Broom. 

I Bucket. 

I Pitchfork. 

I Sponge. 

I Chamois. 

I Whisk. 

I Feather duster. 

I Curry comb and brush. 

I Comb for manes and tails. 

J vStable lantern. 



l-'.NTKRINCl DKII.I. FOR LESSON I. 

Marc)i — Boys march in, two by two, with tools hekl f)ver 
right shoulder. Take positions in front of 
chairs. 

Chord — Ground tools, handles down. 

Chord — Remove hats and bow to teacher. 

Chord — Replace hats. 

Chord — .Sit down, holding tools erect, the handle on the 
floor and the iron end up. The bo\^s with pick- 
axes had better be at the ends of each row. 

CLOSING DRILL. 

At the close of the song, boys all standing. 
Chords Shoulder tools. 
Chord — Right about face. 
March — March out and stack tools. 

No. I. — Preparation of a Garden. 

(/) At what time of year can you begin to make a 
garden ? 
Alls. As soon as the frost is out of the ground, which is 
usually in April. 
(2) What is the first thing to be done? 
Ans. Prepare the ground. 

(?) How is this to be done ? 
Ans. By digging or plowing two feet deep and making the 
ground smooth and free from stones. 
(./) Is this all that is necessary? 
A)is. No; if the soil is poor a fertilizer must be mixed 
with it. 



9 

(5 ) How can we tell when the soil is poor ? 
.Afis. When there is too much sand, gravel or clay. 

{6) How can we tell when the soil is good ? 
.Ahs. By the color, which should be dark brown. 

(/) What tools are absolutely necessary ? 
A us. A spade, a pickaxe, a hoe and a rake. 

(S) Of what use is the spade ? 
A US. To diof. 

First chord— ^oys with spades rise. 
Second chord — Shoulder spades. 
March — March to centre. 

Third chord— Ground spades and place the right 
foot on the right side of spade in 
position for digging. 
March, four bars— Boys make the motions of 
digging, in time to music, 
throwing soil to the right. 
March, four bars— Boy^ place foot on left side of 
spade and make the motions 
of digging, throwing soil 
to the left. 
Fourth 6V/(77-<r/— Shoulder spades. 
March — March back to seats. 
Fifth chord — Ground spades. 

Sixth chord— Sit down, holding spades by the 
handle, erect, beside them, on 
right side, 
(p) Of what use is the pickaxe ? 

Ans. To break hard ground and to pull up large stones 
and roots. 



lO 

First chord — Boys with picks rise. 

Second chord — Shoulder picks. 

March — March to centre. 

Third chord — Ground picks, broad end down, 

March, four bars — Strike with picks as though 
breaking hard ground ; at 
last note reverse the picks. 

March, four bars — Use the sharp end of picks 
like levers, as though pry- 
ing up stones. 

Fourth chord — Shoulder picks. 

March — March back to seats. 

Fifth chord — Ground picks. 

Sixth chord—Sit down, holding picks by the han- 
dle, erect, beside them, on right side. 
(lo) Of what use is the hoe? 

yh/s. To break the soil into small pieces, and afterwards to 
kill the weeds. 

Repeat the drill as before ; hoeing first on the 
right side with the right hand further down 
along the handle, then on the left side, with the 
left hand in advance. 

(//) Of what use is the rake? 

Aus. To take out small stones and make the surface smooth 
and even. 

Repeat the drill, making the motions of raking. 
Care should be taken that the tools descend in 
line as well as in tiwc. If the drill is conducted 
in a room, a strip of batting will secure this 
result and also protect the floor from injury. 



II 

(r2) Having prepared the ground, what will you do next ? 
Ans. Divide the garden into beds with paths between. 
(ij) Why is this necessary? 
Ans. For convenience in tending the plants and gathering 

the vegetables. 
(14) What three things will you now need? 
Ans. A wheelbarrow for moving the soil where it is 
needed ; a reel for marking straight lines, and a 
watering-pot or hose for sprinkling newly-planted 
ground. 

(/J) Having prepared the ground and divided it into beds, 
what will you first plant? 

Ans. The seeds of the earl 5^ vegetables and flowers. 

{16) How will you plant them? 

Ans. If the seeds are small, we will make little holes one 
inch deep, or less, drop in the seeds, and cover 
them up. 

(77) Why not plant them deeper? 

Ans. Because the small seeds would get discouraged, if 
the warmth of the sun could not reach them. 

(18) How do all plants grow? 

Ans. By getting strength from the sunshine to draw food 
and moisture from the ground through their roots. 

(tq) Of what use are the leaves? 

Ans. Plants breathe through their leaves. 

{20) What four things do plants and people need to make 
them healthy and strong? 

Ans. Good food, pure water, sunshine and fresh air. 



12 

Chord — Boys all rise. 

SONG— "WHERE 7\RE YOU GOING SO EARLY, 

I PRAY?" 

Tune — *' Where are You Going my Pretty Maid !"' 

I. 

O, where do you go so early, I pray? 
O, where do you go so early, I pray? 
" We're going a-plowing. Sir," they say ; 
"Sir," they say; "Sir," they say; 
" We're going a-plowing, Sir," they say. 

II. 

And after the plowing what, I pray? 
And after the plowing what, I pray ? 
"The drilling and planting. Sir," they say, 
"Sir," they say; "Sir," they say; 
"The drilling and planting. Sir," they sav. 

III. 

And after the planting what, I pray? 
And after the planting what, I pray? 
"The hoeing and weeding, Sir," they say; 
"Sir," they say; "Sir," they say; 
"The hoeing and weeding. Sir," they say. 

IV. 

And after the weeding what, I pray? 
And after the weeding what, I pray ? 
"The growing and tending, vSir," they say; 
"Sir," they say; "Sir," they say; 
"The growing and tending. Sir," they say. 



13 

V. 



And after the tending what, I pray? 
And after the tending what, I pray? 
" A glorious harvest, Sir," they say ; 
"vSir," they say; "Sir," they say; 
" A glorious harvest, Sir," they say. 



ENTERING DRILL FOR LESSON 2D. 

March— Boys march in two by two, each boy with a hand 
on his partner's shoulder and the arm at full 
length. 

C/iord—DYOY> hands at sides and right about face, standing 

before the chairs. 
Chord — Sit down. 



At the close of the song let the boys march out in the 
same manner, to music of march. 



No. 2. — Potatoes. 

(/) What vegetable is most depended upon for food, both 
vSummer and Winter? 
Ahs. The white potato. 

{2) How do you prepare the ground for white potatoes? 
Ans. By digging into it lime and bone-dust, then making 
straight ridges one foot high, one foot broad, and 
three feet apart. 

( j) When do you plant potatoes ? 
Ans. As soon as the frost is out of the ground. 
(/) How do you plant potatoes ? 



.his. Cut good potatoes leng-thwise, and plant, with the 
cut side down, four inches under ground and two 
feet apart. 
( j) From what do potatoes sprout? 

Ans. From the small spots called eyes. There should be 
two or three of these in each piece planted. 

(6) If there are more what do you do? 
j-his. Cut them out. 

(7) About how long will it be before the plant begins to 

show? 
.1//S. About four weeks. 

{^) What will it look like at first ? 
.his. A slender spear of small green leaves. 

(y) About how long will it be before fully grown? 
A lis. About two months from the time it appears above 

ground. 
(fo) What will it look like then ? 

,l/is. A dark green bush about two feet high, with very 
pretty blossoms. The potatoes grow under ground. 
(//) What is the great enemy of the potato? 
.i/is. The Colorado beetle which eats the leaves. 
{J J) What can be done to prevent injury to the plants? 
Alls. Kill the beetle by sprinkling the plants, when the 
dew is on the leaves, with a mixture of plaster and 
Paris-green. 
(ij) How do you mix this? 
Ans. In a bucket kept for this purpose alone, using three 

times as much plaster as Paris-green. 
(/./) Why should this be mixed and used with great care 
and kept in a safe place ? 



15 

A/is. Because if swallowed it will also kill people and 
animals. 

(/j) What must you do while the potatoes are growing? 
A us. Hoe down the weeds. 
{i6) How are potatoes to be gathered and stored for winter 

use? 
Ans. By digging or plowing them up after their green 

leaves are dead, rubbing them clean and putting 

them in a dry cellar. 
(if) What will happen if you put them too near a furnace 

or too near a window ? 
A/is. If heated they will wither, and if frozen they will 

decay. 
(i^) What other potato beside the white potato is used 

for food ? 
A US. The sweet potato. 

(/g) Do sweet potatoes grow in the same way? 
A/is. No, the plant is a very pretty vine, which grows along 

the ground. 
{20) Are they as generally cultivated as the white potato ? 
Ans. No, for sweet potatoes will only thrive in a warm, dry 

climate, and a sandy soil. 



t6 

Chord — Bcn'S all rise. 

SONG— "THE FARMERS YEAR." 

( Tune — "Jingle Bells. ' ' ) 
SPRING. 

(/) When with the first Spring day 1 

You hear the robin's voice, [ pi^ce nght hat.a b.-»ck of 

When the sun's warm ray j ear a.i<! look,.,,. 

Makes the earth rejoice, j 

Then we farmers know 

It is the time for seed ; 
The fields have slept beneath the snow 

Now work is what they need. 

Chorus — 

Farmer lads, farmer lads, working- all the dav, 

' Tis work that makes a man, my lads, and honest work 

will pay ; 
Farmer lads, farmer lads, working with a will, 
" No debt upon the farm," my lads, shall be our motto still. 

SUMMER. 
{2) Each long bright Summer day ) 

Is full of pleasant toil, \ ^aUe .he motio,, of 

Bringing in the hay 

Before a rain can spoil ; 
Harvesting the grain, 

Then plowing up the field. 
Counting in your brain \ Make motions otcountinR 

How much each crop will yield. S "" '''*' '^"^'"^- 



swinging a scythe. 



Chorus- 



AUTUMN. 



(j) When Autumn days grows short 

There's still enough to do 
Gathering nuts is sport 

And picking apples too ; 
But when the frost has come 

And leaves fall off and die, 
We'll bring the pumpkin home 

To make Thanksgiving pie. 

Chorus — 

WINTER. 

(./) Although when Winter's come 
There are no fields to till 

There's work to do at home 
The farmer's busy still ; 

There's sawing wood to do 
For the long winter nights 

And tools are mended, fences too, 

And all things put to rights. 
Chorus- — 



stoop twice as though 
looking for and picking 
up the nuts. 



Swing hats above their 
heads. 



Make motions of sawing^ 
wood. 



Sweep right arm from left 
to right as though show- 
ing the whole farm. 



ENTERING DRILL FOR LESSON 3D. 

March — Boys march in two by two, with hands on hips 

and elbows linked with those of partners. 
Chord — Right about face in front of chairs. 
Chord — Sit down. 

At the close of the song march out in same order. 
Chord — Link elbows. 
Chord — Right about face. 



No. 3. — Corn and Other Vegetables. 

(/) When can sweet corn be planted ? 
A /IS. Not before May, as the ground must be warm. 

(-') How does it thrive best ? 
A /IS. In sunny ground, made very rich with fertilizers. 

(?) How is sweet corn planted ? 
A /IS. In low, round hills three feet apart each way, putting 
five grains of corn, one inch under ground in each 
hill. 
(./) Suppose you did not plant it in this way, but scat- 
tered it, what would result? 
A /IS. Green plants but no ears of corn. It is planted in 
this way to raise fodder for cattle when grass is 
scarce. 
is) When and how is field-corn planted? 

A/is, About the middle of May in hills further apart, as the 
plants are larger than sweet corn. 

(6) How is field-corn used ? 

A/is. It is fed to some animals and also ground into meal. 

(7) What is done with the plant after the corn is 

gathered ? 

A/is. It is cut off close to the ground and tied into bundles 
called "shocks," 

(<?) What is it used for ? 

A/is. When dry it is stored in the barn to feed the cattle 
in winter. 

(9) If you wish to have sweet corn to eat all season how 
will you manage ? 



19 

A//S. Plant some every two weeks until the middle of July 
that the crops may ripen in succession. 

(/o) What other vegetables are planted in this way to last 

several months ? 
A?is. Especially peas and beans. 
(//) What vegetables can be planted to ripen late and last 

all winter? 
Ans. Potatoes, celery, salsify, beets, carrots and others. 

{i2) Have you thought what you would like to raise in 

your own garden ? 
A /IS. Our garden's not large but we'd like, if we're able. 
To plant what we all will enjoy at the table; 
Not fanciful things, but the regular staple. 

(ij) Will you raise peas ? 

A?is. Yes ; peas, as you know, grow in pods on a vine 
We'll plant an inch deep and plant in a line. 
And then give them something round which they 
can twine. 
{i^} Will you plant string beans and butter beans? 
Ans. Yes, both ; and some bush-limas, too, for a test. 

Will plant some of each and see which we like best. 
Plant in rows, an inch deep, and let them do the rest. 
(75) Will you plant any tall lima beans ? 
Ahs. Yes; pole lima beans are our favorites still. 

Plant two inches deep and "eye" down, if you will. 
In hills, six feet apart, and six beans to a hill. 
(16) What hardy vegetables will you plant? 
Ans. Beets are quite hardy and turnips are, too. 

They will last you all summer and all winter thro' 
And if fed to the cows they will gratefully "moo." 



20 

(//) How will you raise early vegetables? 
.h/s. Early cabbage, tomatoes and lettuce, also 

Must start under glass in a warm place, you know. 
Nor be set out of doors till they learn how to grow. 
{/S) What more will you have? 

.h/s. Let's have onions and herbs, to make roast turkey 
filling. 
And parsley and celery, too, if you're willing. 
Though the latter takes care and considerable tilling. 
(/p) You will raise potatoes, I suppose? 
Ajis. Yes; potatoes inust have all the space they can use; 
Neglect of this stand-by we could not excuse. 
Nor a smoking hot mealy potato refuse. 
{20) Anything else? 

Ans. We will plant corn and squash, and with these close 
the list; 
Though there are many more they will never be 

missed, 
For with these fifteen we can surely exist. 

CJiord — All the boys rise. 

SONG— "OH, NO; WE NEVER DO SO ANY MORE." 

I. 
AVhen first we tried our untrained hands 

At gardening, my dear. 
And planted our first crop of seeds. 
Some things we did were queer ; 
It seemed so long before they grew, 

We feared they never would. 
So pulled them up to see if they 
Were doing as they should. 



21 

Clionis — 



thorns — 



Oh, no; we never do so any more; 

Oh, no; we never do so any more; 

Oh, no; we never do so any more. 

Never do so, never do so, never do so anv more. 



At first we watered all the plants. 

Till they were nearly drowned, 
And then we gave them none, and so 

They withered on the ground ; 
But such mistakes we only made 

Before we had learned how. 
vSince then we have been taught, you see, 

And all know better now. 

Oh, no ; we never do so any more; 
Oh, no ; we never do so any more ; 
Oh, no; we never do so any more. 
Never do so, never do so, n.ever do so any more. 



Entering Drill for Lesson 4TIL 

JA?/t//— Boys march in, two by two, each couple carrvin:;- 
one article between them. 

First couple — Broom . 



Second 

Third 

FoiirtJi 

Fifth 

Sixth 

Seventh 



— Shovel. 

—Pitchfork. 

— Bucket. 

— Sponge. 

— Chamois. 

— Feather-duster. 



22 

Eighth couple — Whisk. 
Ninth *' — Coarse comb. 
Tenth " — Curry comb. 
Eleventh " — Brush. 
Twelfth " — Lantern. 

Chord — Rijrht about face in front of chairs, the left bov of 
each couple retaining the article in his right 
hand, the other boy letting go. 

Chord — vSit down, placing article on the floor and folding 
hands. 

When the 19th question is being answered 
as each article is mentioned, the boy having it 
should rise and hold it up, remaining standing. 
The boy with lantern rises at the close of 20th 
answer. The next chord is for the remaining 
half of class to rise. They sing the song, each 
couple holding an article between them, and, 
on concluding the song, march out as when 
entering. 

No. 4.— The Stable. 

C(^\VS AND HORSES. 

(/) What two domestic animals arc the most useful to 
man ? 

A)is. The cow and the horse. 

{2) What food do cows require ? 

Ans. Plenty of fresh grass or cloverhay and water. There 
should be some shade trees in every pasture. 

(?) What care do cows require ? 



. 1//S. "Cows need a warm, dry stable in winter ; but in clear 
summer weather are better out of doors. They 
should be milked twice a day and curried once 
a week. A large lump of rocksalt should be put 
in each stall for the cows to lick. 

(7) What is the best food for a /lorsr / 

.h/s. Oats, grass and timothy hay, with plenty of pure 
water. 

(i) What care does a horse require ? 

Alls. To be shod once a month; to be curried once a 
day ; to have a deep bed of straw every night, 
and on cold nights a blanket. 

(6) How long is the average life of a horse ? 
A//S. Fifteen years, though some live much longer. 

(7) What are the best and strongest years of a horse's life ? 
.l/is. From five to thirteen. 

(c?) How can the age of a horse be told ? 
A/is. By the condition of his teeth. 

(9) How early can the training of a horse be begun ? 
A/IS. When the colt is two years old. 

(10) What is the first thing to be done when training a 
colt for the harness ? 

A us. Let him wear a bridle with a rubber bit, for a few 
hours each day, while standing in the stable. 

(//) Whv is the utmost gentleness necessary in putting 

on the bridle ? 
Ans. Because a colt's mouth is very tender, and if once 
hurt he will always resist opening his mouth for 
the bit. 



(ij) After he has become used to the bit, what can be 

done ? 
.i/is. The rest of the harness can be put on day by day, 

letting him become used to each piece before 

adding another. He can then be harnessed to a 

light wagon, and will gradually learn to be useful 

and obev the reins. 
(/ ?) What should never be done ? 
.I//S. He should never be struck or shouted at, but should 

be patted when he has tried to do his best. 
(r^) What traits must a good horseman have ? 
.h.'s. Courage, gentleness, self-control, good temper and 

patience. 
(ij) What points must a good horse have ? 
Ans. Small head and ears; full eyes; thin neck; deep 

chest; high withers; short back ; broad haunches; 

straight legs; flat knees, and round feet. 
{/6) What should be done when a horse comes home from 

work ? 
,}f/s. He should be rubbed until clean and dry ; and all 

four feet carefully examined for small stones or 

nails, and then filled with flaxseed meal to make 

the hoof tough and strong. 
(77) What four things will certainly make a horse sick? 
A//S. Cold water, when standing after being overheated ; 

sour oats, and half-cured hay or wet grass. 
(/(?) How must a stable be kept ? 
yh/s. A well-kept stable must be clean and dry ; the floor 

swept; the carriages w^ashed; the harness oiled ; 

the inetal buckles polished ; and the horse's coats 

shinino' like silk. 



(ig) What do you need to keep a stable in this condition ? 
Ans. For the stable, a broom, a shovel, a pitch-fork and a 
bucket ; for the carriages —a sponge, a chamois, a 
feather duster and a whisk ; for the harness — oil, 
soap and bits of flannel ; for the horses — a coarse 
comb for manes and tails, and a curry-comb and 
brush. 

{20) What special care is necessary in a stable ? 
Ans. To guard against fire, and never to drop a match or 
carry an uncovered flame where there is hay. 



Chord — Boys all rise. 

SONG— "WAIT FOR THE WAGON." 

*Tis such a lovely morning ! Oh, would you like to see 
How I can harness Dapple, and take a ride with me ? 
He knows and loves me dearly, for I to him am kind. 
And a better horse than Dapple it would be hard to find. 
Then wait for the wagon, wait for the wagon, wait for the 

wagon. 
And we'll all take a ride. 

Chorus — Wait for the wasfon. 

His coat is smooth and glossy ; I always keep it so. 
For that is one great secret of a horse's health, you know. 
Each buckle on the harness, you see it shines like new ; 
The wagon wheels are greased, and the paint is shining, 

too. 
Then wait for the wagon, wait for the wagon, wait for the 

wagon. 
And we'll all take a ride. 



26 

Chorus — Wait for the wagon. 
First, the breech-band and the crupper and the saddle 

(girth it fast), 
Then the collar, hanies and traces, for the bridle comes the 

last ; 
We'll hitch him to the wagon, and then we'll get inside ; 
We'll gather up the reins (chuck), and take a lovely ride. 
Then wait for the wagon, wait for the wagon, wait for the 

wagon. 
And we'll all take a ride. 

Chorus — Wait for the waofon. 



Drim. for Lesson 5TI1. 

This march should be made as different from the others 
as possible, and a "quick step" might be introduced with 
good effect. Beside the march for entrance and exit, the 
children should march round the table at which the graft- 
ing is being done, that all may see the process close at 
hand. The closing march may be made as complicated 
and picturesque as desirable, in imitation of the old fes- 
tival of Harvest Home. 



No. 5. — Fruits. 



(/) What fruit tree is grown more generally than any 
other? 
A us. The Apple tree. 

{2) Why ? 
Aus. Because the wood is very hard, and is used for shuttles 
and tool-handles, and in many other ways. Of 
the fruit, fifty million bushels are eaten every year 
in the United States alone. 



27 

(?) How are Apple trees grown ? 
Ans. Apple trees are best grown from cuttings, and will 
thrive well in good pasture land if protected from 
the cattle. They will begin to bear fruit when 
about nine years old, and will continue to do so 
for fifty years and more if well cared for. 

{4) What care do they require ? 
Ans. Branches heavy with fruit should be propped; all 
dead branches should be cut off in October, and 
borer worms should be dug from the bark with a 
sharp knife. 

(5) What is sometimes done to improve an orchard? 

Ans. Grafts are made from trees bearing the best apples. 
((5) How is this done ? 

Ans. A strong tree is chosen, and a sound limb sawed off, 
leaving a stump ; this stump is split an inch deep 
and a little wedge driven in. From the best tree 
a sprig is cut about four inches long which has 
several buds. This is sharpened on two sides like 
a wedge, and put in the slit. The other wedge is 
knocked out, and the whole cut covered with 
grafting wax. 

(7) When is this done, and what care is necessary? 
Ans. It must be done in April, on a mild day, with a very 
sharp knife, and as quickly as possible. 
(c^) What is the advantage of grafting ? 

Ans. A strong tree may bear a great many worthless apples ; 
by taking a graft from a tree bearing good apples, 
we will soon have good fruit from the stroma 
tree. 



38 

ig) How ma\- J\(rr trees be grown ? 
Ans. If good cuttings arc planted in rich, moist soil, the 
trees will bear fruit when six years old, and with 
care mHII last fifty years. 

(/o) What care do Pear frees require ? 

Ans. The ground should be dug up and fertilized around 
thcni each year. The borer-worm must be kept 
from the trunk, and caterpillars from the leaves. 
Weak branches must be propped, and dead ones 
cut off. When the fruit is gathered it must be 
picked by hand and never shaken from the tree. 

(//) What other fruit trees are grown and cared for in 
the same way ? 

A/is. Peach, Plum and Cherry trees. 
{12) How are Crape vines grown ? 

Ans. From cuttings which should be planted in October, 
pressing the earth very closely around the stem. 
They should grow along the ground for two years, 
then be raised on a trellis. They should bear 
fruit in the fourth year, 
(/j) What care do grape vines require? 

Ans. The ground should be fertilized with potash and 
bonedust each year, and any leaves showing the 
eggs of insects should be picked and burned each 
week. 
(/./) How are Blackberries and Raspberries grown ? 

Ans. They are grown from suckers, and as they have 
thorns, should be planted in rows far enough apart 
for convenience in picking the fruit. Blackberries 
will grow almost anywhere, but Raspberries re- 
ciuire good soil. They will bear fruit in two years. 



29 

(/f ) What care do thev require ? 

.I//S. They should be protected in Winter by banking- 
earth about the roots, and should be pruned into 
shapely bushes every spring-. 

(i6) How are Currants and Gooseberries grown ? 
Ans. From cuttings which should be planted in vSeptember, 
in rich, moist soil, pressing" the earth close to the 
stem. They should bear fruit the second 3^ear, 
and this must be gathered by nipping the stem. 

(//) W^hat care do they require.'' 

Ans. Ashes should be sprinkled at the roots to keep off the 
borer worms. If the currant worm eats the leaves 
it must be destroyed by sprinkling slug-shot powder 
on the bushes at night. 
{i8) How are Stawberry vines grown ? 

Ans. Yrovsx runners, which are planted in the Spring, in 
rich soil, in beds four feet wide, with three rows 
of plants in each bed. 
{ig) How should the beds be arranged ? 
Ans. The plants should be one foot apart, and the paths 
between the beds should be two feet wide for con- 
venience in picking- the fruit, which should be 
done by nipping the stem. 

{20) What care do Strawberries require ? 

Ans. Before frost the beds should be lightly covered with 
manure. In April this should be forked into the 
ground, and then straw spread over the beds and 
under the plants to protect the fruit from sand and 
dirt. The beds should be kept free from weeds 
and all useless runners should be hipped off. A 
new bed should be planted everv two years. 



30 
Chord — All rise. 

SONG— "HARVEST HOME." 

{Tune — " Eton Boat Song.'''') 
I. 

Whether we know or heed it, 

We're Farmers, every one ; 
Our lives are the fields we are tending, 

Our deeds are the seeds we have sown. 
And this is now our Springtime, 

But the Autumn will surely come 
For those who have toiled in earnest, 

A glorious Harvest Home. 

II. 

Some may have ease and sunshine, 

Some may have toil and pain, 
But each is sent for a purpose 

The Master alone can explain ; 
And if your lot is thorny, 

The Lord of the Harvest weighs 
One sheaf from among the brambles 

'Gainst ten from the fertile place. 

III. 

Then day by day must find us. 

More earnest and brave and true, 
Doing heartily as to the Master 

All that we find to do ; 
Then though the years divide us, 

(And changes are sure to come) 
Bringing our sheaves rejoicing, 

We'll meet at the Harvest Home. 



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